Environmental Health and Safety

Nanomaterials

Nanoparticle Definition:
Nanoparticles are ultrafine particles measuring in one dimension between 1 - 100 nanometers (nm). Nanotechnology involves the use of nanoscale structures, devices and systems that may have utility in biological or other systems that require nanoscale applications. Nanotechnology comprises the study of processes, applications and materials related to biological, chemical, electronic, physical or engineering applications. In addition to the novel size of nanoparticles or structures, uses are also derived from unique properties related to reactivity or conductivity.

Saftey Issues - Why are we concerned?

Concerns with safety regarding the use of nanotechnology have arisen primarily from the recognition of several unique attributes of nanoparticles:

• The ultra-small particle size permits the particles to be carried deeply into tissues; particles may be deeply respired into the lungs; may pass through the blood-brain barrier; or translocate between organs.
• The molecular structure of nanoparticles and the relatively greater surface area confer on these particles different chemical reactivities than for larger structures made from the same elements or molecules.

Some evidence suggests that nanoparticles may be more toxic to tissues than larger molecular structures. In addition to concerns about toxicity of nanoparticles that are inhaled, ingested, or absorbed through dermal exposure during initial contact, nanoparticle waste may present a hazard in the environment.

The widespread use of nanoparticles in research and development for manufacturing and biomedical purposes has outpaced research of safety issues. While safety studies are ongoing, guidelines have not been provided regarding the handling of nanoparticles. The National Institute of Occupational Health and Safety (NIOSH) and other agencies are currently studying this issue, and improved guidelines for handling and disposal will be forthcoming. Currently, agencies charged with providing safety guidelines, including NIOSH, the NIH and the EPA, promote the incorporation of cautionary measures in research, with a view toward minimizing or eliminating exposures to nanoparticles.

Nanoparticle Research at CWU: 

At Central Washington University, a number of research programs study the behavior or application of nanoparticles. EH&S is currently registering CWU laboratories to identify those research programs in which nanoparticles are used. To register your nanoparticle use, please fill out the following form.

Central Washington University has developed the following handling protocols to address the occupational health concerns associated with nanoparticle exposure. Safety issues related to individual programs may be evaluated by EH&S staff at the request of the individual researchers or department personnel to determine if alternative exposure control methods may be employed to adequately safeguard the health of CWU employees and students, and mitigate potential adverse impacts on the environment.

CWU Handling Requirments:

• Total enclosure of the particle handling process - Nanoparticle stocks that are dry should be handled inside an appropriate glove box. Workers should wear protective equipment, including safety goggles, lab coats, and gloves if handling or transporting materials outside of a glovebox.
• Total enclosure of stored stocks and nano-materials.
• EH&S to determine if stocks can be handled outside of a glove box, using local exhaust ventilation with HEPA filtration.
• Nanoparticle solutions may be handled on the lab bench once placed in solution. Workers should wear protective equipment, including safety goggles, lab coats, and gloves.
• Transport of nano-materials should employ a sealed secondary containment device.
• Limit access in areas where processes are being carried out. Only trained personnel may be permitted to work in these areas while nanomaterials are being used. Training procedures and operating procedures must be implemented before beginning work with nano-materials. EH&S will provide postings for laboratories working with nanoparticles.
• Nanoparticle waste must be contained and labeled for chemical content in compliance with CWU hazardous waste management requirements. Contact EH&S at 963-2338 or waste pickup or for further information about how to handle specific wastes.
• Nanoparticle spills should be cleaned immediately using spill mitigation procedures developed by the laboratory. Consult EH&S for assistance in developing a spill control and cleanup protocol.
• Regular cleaning of bench tops, floors and other surfaces should be implemented; the cleaning schedule should be documented. The cleaning solution should be compatible with the vehicle in which the nanoparticles are suspended. Contact EH&S for assistance with development of a cleaning protocol.
• Prohibition of eating and drinking in laboratories and controlled areas.
• Equipment used for handling of nanoparticles must be evaluated for safety concerns before it may be repaired, reused for other laboratory purposes or released for disposal.
• The use of respirators is not generally required for worker protection. For special circumstances in which respirator use is required, the use of HEPA filtered respirators for protection against nanoparticle exposure must be evaluated by EH&S prior to implementation.

Background and Saftey Information:

For more information regarding the safety studies conducted by NIOSH and for more background information, including specific hazards associated with exposure to nanoparticles, please go to the following links:

• Environmental Health & Safety
• The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
• General Safe Practices for Working with Engineered Nanomaterials in Research Laboratories
• Nano.gov