A. Match the following:
a. carpals             g. phalanges
b. femur               h. radius
c. fibula                i. tarsals
d. humerus           j. tibia
e. metacarpals      k. ulna
f. metatarsals

1. Forms the palm of the hand
2. The fingers have three of these, but the thumb has only two.
3. Sports the linea aspera and greater trochanter.
4. Pronation causes the distal end of this bone to cross over another.
5. Forms the medial aspect of the ankle
6. Forearm bone that articulates with the carpals
7. Bones of the wrist
8. Bones of the ankle
9. Articulates with the glenoid fossa
10. Articulates with the trochles
 

B. Match the following structures with the correct descriptions:
a. atlas                          e. lumbar vertebrae
b. axis                           f. sacrum
c. cervical vertebrae      g. thoracic vertebrae
d. coccyx

1. Contains foramina in the transverse processes
2. Have articular facets for the ribs
3. A circle of bone that articulates superiorly with the occipital bone of the skull
4. Typically, 5 fused bones which are part of vertebrae column.
5. Thickest bodies with short blunt spinous processes
6. Bears a peg-shaped dens that acts as a pivot.
7. Fused rudimentary vertebrae also called the tailbone.

C.  Match the following bones with their markings:

a. femur                  f. ulna
b. tibia                    g. fibula
c. humerus              h. radius
d. scapula                i. talus
e. clavicle                j. hipbone

1. Greater trochanter
2. Lateral malleolus
3. patellar surface
4. Articulates with the tibia at its distal end (two answers)
5. Trochlea
6. Greater sciatic notch
7. Olecranon process
8. Acromion process
9. Deltoid tuberosity

D.  Distinguish among the following:   1.  ball-and-socket joint,   2. hinge joint,   &   3. pivot joint

E.  Match the following:
a. bursitis               c. osteoarthritis
b. gout                   d. rheumatoid arthritis

1.  A consequence of “wear and tear” on joints; chiefly affects the large weight bearing joints; involves erosion of articular cartilage, and formation of bony spurs.
2. Examples are housemaid’s knee and tennis elbow
3. Painful condition reflecting elevated levels of uric acid in the blood and joints.
4. Autoimmune disorder; joints affected bilaterally; involves pannus formation and gradual joint immobilization.

F.  Draw out a load-deformation curve and indicate and define the following: load axis, strain axis, elastic region, plastic region, failure point, yield point.

G.  Discuss the impact of diet and exercise on bone health.  Illustrate the consequences of an osteoporotic bone via a  load-deformation curve. (compare a normal curve to a bone which has osteoporosis)

H.  Match the following forces to the best description below.
1. Tension     2.  Compression     3. Shear     4. Bending

A. load is applied parallel to the surface of the bone
B. pulling force on the bone
C. this forces results in shortening and widening of the bone
D. this force can result in a “boot top” fracture in skiing

I. Muscle plays an important role in locomotion.   In addition, muscle can neutralize the stresses imposed on bone.  Explain how muscle is able to minimize bone fracture.  Incorporate in your discussion the theory of muscle fatigue as a cause of fatigue fracture.

J.  You are delivering a message regarding healthy bones to a high school senior class.  Outline the messages you would be conveying to such a class.

K.  Draw a sketch of a synovial joint.  Include all components (general anatomy) of a synovial joint).

L.  Why is synovial fluid important?

M.  What helps to maintain articular (joint) surface contact when you perform movements?

N.  Match the following  joints with the example below:
1.  Plane    2. Hinge    3. Pivot    4. Condyloid    5. Saddle     6. Ball and Socket

a. head of radius articulating with proximal end of ulna
b. shoulder  joint
c. proximal end of ulna (trochlear notch or semilunar notch) articulating with distal end of humerus
d. articulations among the tarsal bones
e. articulation between the carpals and distal end of radius
f. articulation of trapezium with metacarpal #1
 
 

O.  Describe a lever system.  Illustrate the importance of muscle (s) and joint (s) in the lever system.

P.  What impact would an injured joint have on performing a particular motor skill.

Q.  Name and describe disorders of the vertebral column.

R.  List the functions of the skeletal system.

General notes:

• Take the time to carefully review your lecture and laboratory notes.  Review your handout on the skeleton and any handout materials regarding the biomechanics of bone.    You will need to cross-reference any notes and handouts with your textbooks.

• Review movements in joints.  Check out pp. 12-15 in Manual of Structural Kinesiology.

• Review introductory material on skeleton and joints in each chapter of Manual of Structural Kinesiology.
 You have already covered this material in lab.  You will find that the introductory material typically covers (1) some basic remarks regarding the area under study (i.e., the pectoral girdle; the elbow and radioulnar joints;... and so on); (2) illustrations of bones and key  landmarks (only review bones covered in lab and presented in the skeleton handout); and (3) movements.

• I may present results from several studies in which you will need to be able to interpret the research results.

• Begin studying now for examination #2.   Similar format to examination one.  I may add several diagrams in which you will need to identify the bone and it’s landmarks.