Anatomical Terminology
 

Directional terms  (You will find some of the information below in Manual of Structural Kinesiology by Thompson and Floyd, Chapter 1)

anterior:   toward the front of the body                    posterior:   toward the back of the body
medial:     toward the midline of the body                lateral:       farther from the midline of the body
superior:   toward the head                                     inferior:      away from head
superficial:   toward or on the surface of the body   deep (profundus):   away from the surface of the body
proximal:   nearer the origin/point of attachment
distal:   away from the origin of the extremity

Prefixes & Suffixes
epi   - upon or above
a (an)   - without, not                     medi   - towards the middle
abd   - from (away)                       oid  - resembling
acro   - extremity tip                      infra  - below
add   - toward, to                          inter   - between
arthro  - joint                                 linea   - line
aud/aural - ear/hearing                   rami    - branch or connecting bridge
axilla  - armpit
brachial  - arm                               rectus   - erect or straight
brevis  - short                                sub    - under
capit   - head                                 supra  - above
chondro  - cartilage                       sym, syn - together
costal  - rib                                    teres   - round
delt  - delta shaped                        trans   - across, through
profundus - deep                           itis  - inflammation
cornu  - horn

Depressions on the surface of bones provide for the passage of blood vessels and other soft tissue.
fovea = pit-like landmark (e.g., fovea capitis of femur)
sulcus= (or groove)= a furrow-like opening or groove that accommodates soft tissue such as blood vessels, nerves or tendons. (e.g., intertubercular sulcus of the humerus through which the tendon of the long head of the bicepts brachii passes)
fossa = basin-like depression
cavity = wide open area or spacious container (i.e. glenoid cavity or sinuses)
notch = often a "C" or "U" -shaped depression
 

Openings occur primarily where blood vessels and nerves pass into or through the bone.
fissures= narrow slit-like openings between adjacent parts of bones through which blood vessels or nerves pass (e.g., superior orbital fissure of the sphenoid bone
foramen = hole
canal = tube-like passageway
meatus = canal-like
sinus= an air-filled cavity within a bone that connects to the nasal cavity (frontal sinus of frontal bone)
 

Processes are any prominent projections of a bone.  Processes may be divided into articulating or non-articulating.

Articulating
head   = rounded, articular projection supported by a neck (e.g., head of humerus)
condyle  = large, knuckle-like, articular projection (e.g., medial condyle of the femur)
facet  = smooth, flat surface (superior and inferior articulating facets of the vertebrae)

Non-articulating
epicondyle = smaller projection above condyle (usually attachment site for muscles and ligaments; medial epicondyle of femur)
trochanter  = blunt projection (only on the femur; greater and lesser trochanters of femur)
tubercle = small knob-like, rounded process (e.g., greater tubercle of humerus)
tuberosity = large, often rounded, usually roughened process (attachment spot; tibial tuberosity)
crest   = prominent border or ridge (e.g., iliac crest)
line   = less prominent ridge than a crest (e.g., linea aspera)
spine  = sharp, slender process (e.g., spinous process of a vertebra)

Human Movement Model: general model of factors impacting movement and an introduction to movement orientation terms.

A.  Human Movement Model.

You can think of movement as an individual or object moving from one point to another point.  Most human locomotion involves rotatory actions at the major synovial joints (rotatory type motion) resulting in whole body movement (translatory motion).  Regardless if you are on foot (walking, jogging), cycling, swimming, or cross country skiing, one can gauge how quickly they are moving by measuring velocity (kilometers per minute). Velocity is a function of distance covered per movement cycle and movement frequency (cycle frequency).  An individual’s velocity also related to the amount of resistance which must be overcome when moving and the amount of power generated by the individual.

Utilizing the Human Movement Model (presented in class) to answer the following questions,

1. Define motion?  Be broad  in your thinking.  Pick examples of different types of movement that you have observed or experienced.   How would you quantitate  performance outcome for your examples.

2. Define resistance to motion.  Give examples of factors which would  resist motion?  Apply the latter examples to several of the movements you have identified in #1 above.

3.  Define power?  What is sustainable power output?

4.  What does efficiency of motion mean? Provide an example.
 

B. Planes and Axes.

I) Planes
 A) There are three planes that correspond to the three dimensions of space.  Each of these planes passes through the center of gravity and are called the cardinal (principle or official) planes.
    1) The sagittal (anteroposterior, median) plane divides the body into right and left halves.
    2) The frontal (lateral, coronal) plane divides the body into anterior and posterior halves.
    3) The transverse (horizontal) plane divides the body into  upper and lower halves.
 B) There is another plane that lies between the frontal and sagittal planes and the transverse and sagittal planes.  It is called the oblique (diagonal) plane.
 

II) Axes
 A) Each plane has a corresponding axis:
    1) The frontal (lateral) axis runs in a side to side direction and is perpendicular to the  sagittal  plane.
    2) The sagittal axis runs in a front to back direction and is perpendicular to the frontal  plane.
    3) The longitudinal (vertical) axis runs up and down and is   perpendicular to the transverse plane.
    4) The oblique (diagonal) axis is perpendicular to the oblique plane.
 

III) Segmental Motion
 A) Movement occurs along (in) a plane and around (about) an axis.
    1) Movement along the sagittal plane, around the frontal  axis.
    2) Movement along the frontal plane, around the sagittal axis.
    3) Movement along the transverse plane, around the longitudinal axis.
    4) Movement along the oblique plane, around the oblique axis.
 B) The anatomical position serves as a convenient starting point when describing movement.

However, movement rarely occurs along only one cardinal plane, nor is the anatomical position frequently used.
 
 

Practice work sheet for orientation planes of the body and axes of motion.
 
A) In general, a golf swing is performed along the                     plane and  around the                     axis.

B) Ideally, when performing a jumping jack, the motion at the  shoulder and hip joints are along the                       plane and  around the                     axis.

C) Forearm supination and pronation occur in the                           plane and about the                   axis.

D) Radial and ulnar flexion occur around the                          axis and along the                     plane.

E) Circumduction of the shoulder occurs along the                       plane and around the                           axis.

F) When bending forward to pick up an object, movement is occurring  along the                          plane  and around the                           axis.

G) Internal rotation of the shoulder with concurrent external rotation of the hip occur along the                       plane and  around the                         axis.

H) In general, pitching a baseball occurs along the                       plane and around the                         axis.

I) Forward rotation during a dive occurs along the                  plane and around the                   axis.

J) In general, a football punt occurs around the                    axis and along the                         plane.

K) Internal and external rotation of the knee occurs around the                            axis and along the                   plane.

L) In general, cycling involves                 plane movement of the thighs and legs.

M) For running, the major axes of rotation are                       axes passing through the shoulder and                     hip  joints.

N)   Hyperextension of the arm occurs in the                        plane and around the                  axis.

O)   Plantarflexion of the foot occurs around the                      axis and in the                     plane.
 

Pectoral (Shoulder)  girdle (Chapter 4,  pp 57-62  in Thompson and Floyd)

Clavicle
 acromial end
 conoid tubercle
 sternal end

Scapula
 spine
 acromion process
 coracoid process
 glenoid cavity
 medial (vertebral) border
 lateral (axillary) border
 superior border
 inferior angle
 superior angle
 supraspinous fossa
 infraspinous fossa
 subscapular fossa
 

Upper Extremity

Humerus (Chapter 5 , pp. 76-81  & Chapter 6, 103-107  in Thompson and Floyd)
 head
 greater tubercle
 lesser tubercle
 intertubercular (bicipital) groove
 shaft
 deltoid tuberosity
 medial condyle (trochlea)
 lateral condyle (capitulum)
 olecranon fossa (distal end, posterior side)
 

Rotator Cuff Muscles are associated with shoulder joint (brief discussion of rotator muscles; to be reviewed in detail later)
 S  - Supraspinatus
 I   - Infraspinatus
 T - Teres Minor
 S  - Subscapularis
 

Ulna (p. 103-107, 124-126, Thompson and Floyd)
 olecranon process
 trochlear notch (semilunar)
 radial notch
 coronoid process
 head (distal end)
 styloid process
 

Radius (p. 103-107, 124-126,  Thompson and Floyd)
 head
 fovea
 radial (bicipital) tuberosity
 ulnar notch
 styloid process
 
 
 

Wrist and hand  (pp. 124-130,   Thompson and Floyd)

Carpals

 ROW 1 - (lateral to medial, remember to assume the anatomical position)
  scaphoid (navicular)
  lunate
  triquetrum
  pisiform

 ROW 2 - (lateral to medial)
  trapezium
  trapezoid
  capitate
  hamate

Metacarpals I-V (lateral to medial)
 base (proximal end)
 shaft
 head (distal end)

Phalanges I- V (lateral to medial)
 I (1st) proximal, distal phalanx (pollicis)
 II - V (2nd-5th) proximal, middle, distal phalanx
  base (proximal end)
  shaft
  head (distal end)

Joints of upper extremity

Acromioclavicular joint  (pp. 57-59  in Thompson and Floyd)
 acromioclavicular ligament
 coracoclavicular ligament

Glenohumeral joint  (pp. 76-81 in Thompson and Floyd)
tendon of long head of biceps brachii
 transverse humeral ligament
           glenoid labrum
 articular capsule
glenohumeral ligaments (three thickenings of the articular capsule over the anterior surface of the shoulder joint)

Elbow joint (p. 103-107)  in Thompson and Floyd)
 radial collateral ligament
 ulnar collateral ligament
 radial annular ligament
 

Pelvic girdle

Coxal (hip) Bones (Chapter 9, pp. 175-177 in Thompson and Floyd)
Ilium
 iliac crest
 anterior superior iliac spine
 posterior superior iliac spine
 greater sciatic notch
 iliac fossa (iliacus muscle attaches here)

 Ischium
 ischial tuberosity
 ischial spine
 greater sciatic notch
 

Pubis (Pubic)
 

Additional Structures
Symphysis pubis
Acetabulum ( a concave surface made from the three pelvic bones joining)
 Obturator foramen

Lower extremity:
Femur - proximal end (pp. 175-181  in Thompson and Floyd)
 head
 fovea capitis
 neck
 greater trochanter
 lesser trochanter
 linea aspera
 gluteal tuberosity

Femur - distal end (pp 175-181,  pp. 215-219  in Thompson and Floyd)
 medial condyle
 lateral condyle
 intercondylar fossa
 patellar surface
 popliteal surface
 

Patella
 apex
 base
 articular surfaces

Tibia (p. 231-233  in Thompson and Floyd)
 Tibial plateau
 medial condyle
 lateral condyle
 intercondylar eminence
 tibial tuberosity
 soleal line
 medial malleolus
 fibular notch

Fibula (p. 231-233  in Thompson and Floyd)
 head
 lateral malleolus
 peroneal groove

The Ankle and Foot (pp. 231-237  in Thompson and Floyd)

Tarsals
 talus
 calcaneous (heel bone)
 navicular
 cuboid
 medial cuneiform
 intermediate cuneiform
 lateral cuneiform

Metatarsals I-V (medial to lateral)
 base
 shaft
 head

Digits I-V (medial to lateral))
 I (1st) proximal, distal phalanx (hallucis)
  base (proximal)
  shaft
  head (distal)
 II-V (2nd-5th) proximal, middle, distal phalanges
  base
  shaft
  head
 

Joints of the lower extremity:

Hip joint (pp. 175-181 in Thompson and Floyd)
 acetabular labrum (lip)
 pubofemoral ligament
 ischiofemoral ligament
 iliofemoral ligament
 ligamentum capitis

Knee joint  (pp. 215-219 in Thompson and Floyd)
 Patellofemoral articulationquadriceps tendon
 patellar ligament
 Tibiofemoral articulation
 medial (tibial) collateral ligament
 lateral (fibular) collateral ligament
 medial meniscus
 lateral meniscus
 anterior cruciate ligament
 posterior cruciate ligament

Ankle joint  (pp. 231-237 in Thompson and Floyd)
 talocrural joint
subtalar joint
 interosseus membrane
 anterior tibiofibular ligament
 posterior tibiofibular ligament
 anterior talofibular ligament
 posterior talofibular ligament
 calcaneofibular ligament
 deltoid ligament (medial)
 achilles tendon
 

Axial Skeleton  (Although the bones which comprise the skull are categorized as part of the axial skeleton, our focus will be on the vertebral column, ribs and sternum)

The trunk and spinal column (Chapter 12,  pp.265-273 in Thompson and Floyd)

Vertebral Column
General Structures
 body
 pedicle
 transverse process
 laminae
 spinous process
 vertebral foramen (canal)
 intervertebral foramen

Cervical vertebrae
Atlas (C1)
Axis - (C2)  dens
Transverse foramen
Bifid spinous process

Thoracic vertebrae
Articulating facets for head and tubercle of ribs

Lumbar vertebrae
Blunted spinous process/large

Sacrum
sacral canal
auricular surface (articulation surface with ilium)

Coccyx

Sternum
 manubruim
 body
 xiphoid process
 clavicular notches
 costal notches

Ribs
True 1-7     - attach directly to sternum via costal cartilage
False 8-12  - either attach indirectly via costal cartilage or do not attach to the sternum
 (Ribs 11 and 12 are floating ribs because they do not attach to the sternum)

 head
 neck
 costal tubercle
 body
 
 
 
 
 
 

Skeletal Muscle

General Movement Terminology

Movement             Action
flexion                   Decreases the angle at a joint
extension               Increases the angle at a joint
adduction               Moves a limb closer to the midline
abduction              Moves a limb further from the midline
depression            Produces a downward movement
elevation               Produces an upward movement
supination             Rotate the forearm (palm) anteriorly
pronation              Rotate the (forearm) palm posteriorly
inversion               Rotate the plantar (sole) aspect internally
eversion                Rotate the plantar (sole) aspect externally
external rotation    Rotate a bone externally around its longitudinal axis
internal rotation     Rotate a bone internally around its longitudinal axis
 
 
 

Muscles of pectoral girdle and shoulder joint  (Chapter 4, pp. 62-72; Chapter 5, pp. 81-97 in Thompson and Floyd)

Anterior
 pectoralis major
 pectoral minor
 deltoid- anterior, middle, posterior
 

Posterior
 trapezius
 rhomboid major
 rhomboid minor
 levator scapulae
 latissimus dorsi
 supraspinatus
 infraspinatus
 subscapularis
 teres minor
 teres major
 serratus anterior

Muscles of the arm and forearm   Selected muscles in this section will be illustrated.  Note that there are many more muscles which act at the wrist and hand which will not be covered.  (Chapter 6,  pp. 108-120;  Chapter 7 131-153  in Thompson and Floyd)

Arm
Anterior
 biceps brachii - long & short heads
 brachialis

Posterior
 triceps brachii - medial, long, lateral heads
 

Muscles of the forearm

Anterior
 Superficial
  flexor carpi radialis
  palmaris longus
  flexor carpi ulnaris
  flexor digitorum superficialis

Posterior
 extensor carpi ulnaris
 extensor digitorum
 extensor carpi radialis longus
 extensor carpi radialis brevis
 brachioradialis
 
 

Muscles of the thorax  (Chapter 12, pp. 282-284  in Thompson and Floyd)
Erector spinae
diaphragm
internal intercostal
external intercostal
 
 

Muscles of the abdomen   (Chapter 12,  pp. 288-293  in Thompson and Floyd)
Rectus Abdominis
External Oblique
Internal Oblique
Transverse Abdominis
 
 

Muscles of hip joint and  pelvic girdle    (Chapter 9,  pp. 182-210   in Thompson and Floyd)
 

Hip joint
Anterior
 iliacus
 psoas major
 iliopsoas

Posterior
 gluteus maximus
 gluteus medius
 gluteus minimus
 

Thigh

Anterior
 Quadriceps femoris  (pp. 222-225 in Thompson and Floyd)
  rectus femoris
  vastus medialis
  vastus intermedius
  vastus lateralis
 sartorius
 tensor fascia lata

Medial
 pectineus
 adductor brevis
 adductor longus
 adductor magnus
 gracilis

Posterior
 Hamstrings     (pp. 226-227 in Thompson and Floyd)
  biceps femoris - long & short heads
  semitendinosus
  semimembranosus
 
 

Muscles of the Leg and ankle joint  (Chapter 11,  pp. 238-255  in Thompson and Floyd)

Anterior
 tibialis anterior
 extensor digitorum longus
 extensor hallucis longus
 

Lateral
 peroneus longus
 peroneus brevis
 peroneus tertius

Posterior
 Superficial
  gastrocnemius – medial and lateral heads
  soleus
  plantaris
 Deep (Tom, Dick, and Harry)
  tibial posterior
  flexor digitorum longus
  flexor hallucis longus